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战斗力 鹅
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发表于 2008-2-6 16:26
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Charles-Geneviève-Louis-Auguste-André-Timothée d\'Éon de Beaumont (October 5, 1728 - May 21, 1810), usually known as the Chevalier d\'Éon was a French diplomat, spy, soldier and Freemason who lived the first half of his life as a man and the second half as a woman.
Early life
D\'Éon de Beaumont was born in Tonnerre. His father, Louis d\'Éon de Beaumont, was an attorney and his mother, Françoise de Chavanson, was a noblewoman. Most of what we know about d\'Éon\'s early life comes from his biography and its reliability is questionable. He later claimed that he had been born a girl but that he was raised as a boy because her father could inherit from his in-laws only if he had a son. As usual for noblemen who did not hold higher titles like baron or count, he was styled chevalier (knight) d\'Éon.
D\'Éon excelled in school and graduated 1749 from Collège Mazarin in Paris. He worked as a secretary of the administrator of the fiscal department and as a royal censor.
D\'Éon as a spy
In 1756 d\'Éon joined the secret network of spies called Le Secret du Roi which worked for King Louis XV. The monarch sent him on a secret mission to Russia in order to meet Empress Elizabeth and intrigue with the pro-French faction against the Habsburg Monarchy. Later tales claim that he disguised himself as a lady Lia de Beaumont to do so, and that he became a maid of honour to the Empress. D\'Éon\'s career in Russia is the subject of one of Valentin Pikul\'s novels.
In 1761, d\'Éon returned to France. The next year he became a captain of dragoons under the Marshal de Broglie and fought in the later stages of the Seven Years\' War. He was wounded and received the Order of Saint-Louis.
In 1763 d\'Éon became plenipotentiary minister in London and used this position also to spy for the king. He collected information for a potential invasion. He formed connections with English nobility by sending them the produce of his vineyards. When he was about to lose the post of plenipotentiary, he complained, and eventually decided to disobey orders to return to France. In his letter to the king, he claimed that the new ambassador had tried to drug him. In an effort to save his station in London, he published most of the secret diplomatic correspondence about his recall under the title Lettres, mémoires, et négociations in 1764.
In 1766, Louis XV granted him a pension for his services and gave him a 12.000-livre annuity. He continued to work as a spy, but he lived in political exile in London.
D\'Éon as a lady
Despite the fact that d\'Éon wore his dragoon\'s uniform all the time, there were rumors that he was actually a woman, and a betting pool was eventually started on the London Stock Exchange regarding his sex. In 1774, after the death of Louis XV, d\'Éon tried to negotiate his return from exile. The French government\'s side of the negotiations were handled by the writer Pierre de Beaumarchais. D\'Éon claimed that physically he was not a man, but a woman, and demanded that the government recognize him as a woman. King Louis XVI and his court complied but demanded that he dress appropriately and wear women\'s clothing. D\'Éon agreed, especially when the king granted him funds for a new wardrobe. In 1777 d\'Éon returned to France, and afterwards lived as a woman.
When France began to help the rebels during the American War of Independence, d\'Éon asked to be able to join French troops in America. He was jailed below the castle of Dijon for 19 days, and spent the following six years with his mother in Tonnerre.
In 1779 d\'Éon published his memoirs La Vie Militaire, politique, et privée de Mademoiselle d\'Eon. They were ghostwritten by a friend named La Fortelle, and are probably embellished.
D\'Éon returned to England in 1785. He lost his pension after the French Revolution and had to sell his library. In 1792 he sent a letter to the French National Assembly, offering to lead a division of women soldiers against the Hapsburgs, but the offer was rebuffed. He participated in fencing tournaments until he was seriously wounded, in 1796. In 1805 he signed a contract for an autobiography, but the book was never published. He spent his last years with a widow, Mrs. Cole.
The chevalier d\'Éon died in London. Doctors who examined him after death discovered that his body was anatomically male. However, it is possible that he had Kallmann syndrome, a hormonal disorder in which a person\'s body does not go through puberty. This is suggested by the fact that no known portraits of the Chevalier show him with any facial hair - even the portrait of his death mask, which was cast at the time of his death in 1810. It should be noted, however, that it was highly unusual for fashionable gentlemen of the 18th century to sport any facial hair.
The term Eonism was coined to refer to similar cases of transgender behavior, but is now little used because of its ambiguity. |
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发表于 2008-2-6 15:24
